Karst hydrology emerged as a discipline in the late 1950s and early 1960s in France. In a 1918 publication, Cvijić proposed a cyclical model for karstic landscape development. Primarily discussing the karstic regions of the Balkans, Cvijić's 1893 publication Das Karstphänomen describes landforms such as karren, dolines and poljes.
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Jovan Cvijić greatly advanced the knowledge of karst regions, so much that he became known as the "father of karst geomorphology". Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, a pioneer of the study of karst in Slovenia and a fellow of the Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge, London, introduced the word karst to European scholars in 1689, describing the phenomenon of underground flows of rivers in his account of Lake Cerknica. Early studies ĭoline in the causse de Sauveterre, Lozère, France. The name may also be connected to the oronym Kar(u)sádios oros cited by Ptolemy, and perhaps also to Latin Carusardius. It has been suggested that the word may derive from the Proto-Indo-European root karra- 'rock'. Ultimately, the word is of Mediterranean origin. As a proper noun, the Slovene form Grast was first attested in 1177. The Slovene common noun kras was first attested in the 18th century, and the adjective form kraški in the 16th century. Languages preserving the older, non-metathesized form include Italian: Carso, German: Karst, and Albanian: karsti the lack of metathesis precludes borrowing from any of the South Slavic languages, specifically Slovene. In the local South Slavic languages, all variations of the word are derived from a Romanized Illyrian base (yielding Latin: carsus, Dalmatian: carsus), later metathesized from the reconstructed form * korsъ into forms such as Slovene: kras and Serbo-Croatian: krš, kras.
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The karst zone is at the northwesternmost section, described in early topographical research as a plateau between Italy and Slovenia. The range stretches from the northeastern corner of Italy above the city of Trieste, across the Balkan peninsula along the coast of the eastern Adriatic to Kosovo and North Macedonia, where the massif of the Šar Mountains begins. According to one interpretation the term is derived from the German name for a number of geological, geomorphological, and hydrological features found within the range of the Dinaric Alps.
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The English word karst was borrowed from German Karst in the late 19th century, which entered German much earlier. Global distribution of major outcrops of carbonate rocks (mainly limestone, except evaporites)